Fig. 5

Various tissue engineering using dECM-based nanobioinks via 3D printing technique. a, b Development of electrospun dECM and 3D printed PLGA combined scaffold. a Schematic diagram of electrospinning on fibrillated PLGA struts and fibers aligned using electrostatic torque. b Schematics, optical images, and surface and cross-sectional SEM images of control (upper panel) and P-NF-dECM-MA scaffolds (lower panel). Reprinted with permission from [269]. c, d Procedure for preparation of 3D printable SISMA-GO nanobioink. c Preparation of an SISMA-GO composite bioink and its bioprinting schematic. d Characterization of the shape fidelity of bioprinted SISMA-GO composite hydrogels. Reprinted with permission from [265]. e RNA sequencing analysis of HUVECs cultured on SIS/SrFeHA scaffolds for 7 days, and a Venn diagram of differentially expressed genes between groups (upper panel) and enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways based on differentially expressed genes for SIS/SrFeHA vs. SIS (lower panel). Reprinted with permission from [274]. f Manufacturing process for a BLM (PLGA nanofiber layer and skin-dECM nanofiber hydrogel layer) nanofiber scaffold via 3D printing. Images of the surface morphology of the PLGA nanofiber layer (left) and dECM nanofiber hydrogel layer (right) are shown in the lower panel. Reprinted with permission from [268]