Table 1 Summary of nanobioinks based on collagen, chitosan, and their methacrylated forms used to fabricate in vitro tissues
From: Nanomaterials-incorporated hydrogels for 3D bioprinting technology
Base ECM | Nanocomponent | Function of the nanocomponent | Printed shape | Application | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Collagen | Gold nanowires (GNWs) | Aligned topological cues (supplemented with external electric field) to the myoblasts | Porous lattice structure | Muscle tissue regeneration | [159] |
ColMA (or MeCol) | Carboxyl-functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs) | Mechanical reinforcer Electrical conductivity enhancer | Rhombic porous structure | Cardiac patch for myocardial infarction repair | [160] |
Limitations of collagen-based systems | Widely used in muscle fabrication; however, there is a need for improvement in electrical conductivity and mechanical properties | ||||
Chitosan | Nanohydroxyapatite (nHAp) | Osteogenic cue | Disc shape | Bone tissue | [92] |
Methacrylated chitosan (MAC or ChiMA) | Nanosilicate (Laponite®) | Mechanical reinforcer (compressive modulus ~ 15 MPa) Biomineralization cue | * Porous structure | [181] | |
Limitations of chitosan-based systems | Application is hindered due to limited solubility under a physiological (neutral) environment | ||||