From: Nanomaterials-incorporated hydrogels for 3D bioprinting technology
Base ECM | Nanocomponent | Function of the nanocomponent | Printed shape | Application | Refs. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gelatin or GelMA | Dialdehyde cellulose (DAC) nanocrystal | Natural cross-linker to enhance the mechanical properties of gelatin hydrogel | * Porous scaffold in different shapes (circle, regular hexagon, square) | Tissue repair (not specific) | [184] | |
TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) | Viscosity regulator and facilitator for the cross-linking of GelMA | Porous lattice and simple disc structure | Wound-healing scaffold | [185] | ||
nHAp | Osteoconductive factor Mechanical reinforcer | * Tri-layered hierarchical scaffold | Bone and cartilage | Osteochondral tissue | [161] | |
* Porous lattice scaffold | Bone tissue | [162] | ||||
Nanosilicate | Printability enhancer Osteoinductive cues Potential vehicle for drug retention and delivery | Porous lattice structure | Angiogenic bone tissue | [69] | ||
Osteoinductive cues | Pyramidal constructs containing a perfusable vasculature inside | Vascularized bone tissue | [182] | |||
Graphene nanoplatelets | Mechanical reinforcer Neuronal differentiation cues | Porous lattice structure (stereolithography-based printing) | Electro-active tissues | Neural tissue | [186] | |
GNRs | Electrically conductive bridges connecting electroactive cardiomyocytes | 30-layered constructs with inner grids (direct printing) and spiral constructs (embedded printing) | Cardiac tissue | [183] | ||
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) | Printability enhancer Electrically conductive bridges connecting electroactive myoblast | Dot shape | Skeletal muscle tissue construct | Â | [187] | |
Limitations of gelatin-based systems | Despite its extensive utilization across various biomedical fields, its relatively weak mechanical properties limit its application in specific applications (i.e. load-bearing tissues) |