Table 3 Summary of alginate-based nanobioinks used to fabricate various in vitro tissue types
From: Nanomaterials-incorporated hydrogels for 3D bioprinting technology
Base ECM | Nanocomponent | Function of the nanocomponent | Printed shape | Application | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alginate | CNF | Excellent rheological modifier with shear-thinning and dispersant properties to improve ECM printability | Grid shaped scaffold | Adipose tissue | [227] |
Polylactic acid (PLA) nanofiber | ECM hydrogel stiffness enhancer Enhanced cell adhesion sites | Strand and meniscus-shaped construct | [228] | ||
CNF | Printing resolution enhancer Shape fidelity enhancer Encapsulated cell viability enhancer | Multiple geometries (grid, human ear-like shape, sheep meniscus-like shape) | Cartilage tissue | [229] | |
Chondrocyte-encapsulated 3D gel disc | [230] | ||||
Single layered lattice structure | [231] | ||||
Simple disc structure | [232] | ||||
Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) | Bioprintability enhancer | Perfusable, co-axial printed vessel-like structure | Vessel | [233] | |
Nanosilicate | Shape fidelity enhancer Encapsulated cell viability enhancer Favorable drug delivery ability | Porous scaffold in different shapes (Tube- and cubic- like constructs) | Bone tissue | [234] | |
Limitations of alginate-based systems | Alginate-based systems in bioprinting exhibit limitations such as structural weakness, especially in 3D-printed structures, and limited bioactivity due to fewer bioligands and reduced cell adhesion | ||||