Table 4 Summary of HA-based nanobioinks used to fabricate various in vitro tissue types
From: Nanomaterials-incorporated hydrogels for 3D bioprinting technology
Base ECM | Nanocomponent | Function of the nanocomponent | Printed shape | Application | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HA | CNFs | Printing resolution enhancer Shape fidelity enhancer Adipogenesis promoter | Simple disc structure | Adipose tissue | [244] |
nHAp | Osteogenic cues | Porous grid structure | Bone tissue | [245] | |
Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) | Shear-thinning enhancer Self-healing cues | Various printed structures (lattice, cubic, and tube shapes) | Soft tissue (not specified) | [13] | |
2D Ti3C2 MXene nanosheets | Electroconductive inducer | Porous scaffold | Neural tissue | [246] | |
Lignin nanoparticles | Electroconductive inducer Promoted neuronal differentiation cues | Porous scaffold | Spinal cord injury repair | [247] | |
Limitations of HA-based systems | HA-based systems encounter issues with mechanical strength, controlled degradation influenced by enzymatic activity and inflammation, and biocompatibility, while their structural simplicity poses challenges for tissue integration, cellular interaction, biological response control, and scalable, reproducible fabrication, particularly in 3D bioprinting | ||||