Table 5 Summary of silk-based nanobioinks used to fabricate various in vitro tissue types
From: Nanomaterials-incorporated hydrogels for 3D bioprinting technology
Base ECM | Nanocomponent | Function of the nanocomponent | Printed shape | Application | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SF | Bacterial CNFs | Printing resolution enhancer Shape fidelity enhancer | Porous scaffold | Soft tissue (not specified) | [258] |
CNPs | Bone regeneration cues Excellent biocompatibility Superior mechanical strength M2 macrophage polarization | Porous scaffold | Bone tissue | [259] | |
Sr2+ doped nHAp | Cues of osteogenesis, chondrogenesis, and angiogenesis | Bilayered scaffold (lower layer: bone; upper layer: cartilage tissue) | [143] | ||
Limitations of Silk-based systems | Silk-based material is hindered by the insufficient mechanical properties of its printed 3D scaffolds, which do not meet the diverse stiffness requirements of native tissues (e.g., muscles and tendons) | ||||