Rapid assays of SARS-CoV-2 virus and noble biosensors by nanomaterials

Liu, Yang; Li, Yilong; Hang, Yuteng; Wang, Lei; Wang, Jinghan; Bao, Ning; Kim, Youngeun; Jang, Ho Won

doi:10.1186/s40580-023-00408-z

Nano Convergence

Table 3 Comparing the performance of rapid detection methods for SARS-CoV-2

From: Rapid assays of SARS-CoV-2 virus and noble biosensors by nanomaterials

Types	Methods	Target	Details	LOD and ROD	Duration	References
Based on NAAT	RT-qPCR	RNA	DrectDetect (Absence of RNA extraction)	LOD: 1.67 copies/μL	1 ~ 2 h	[59]
	RT-qPCR	RNA	Integration with Big Data	–	3 ~ 4 h	[60]
	RT-qPCR	RNA	Water bath PCR and LFA	LOD: 8.44 copies/μL	45 min	[62]
	RT-qPCR	RNA	The SalivaDirect protocol and the Ubiquitome Liberty16 system	LOD: 12 copies/μL	1 h	[66]
	RT-qPCR	Variants RNA	Integration with ARMS	LOD: 1 copy/μL	2.5 h	[70]
	RT-qPCR	Variants RNA	Microfluidic chip-based	LOD: 10 copies/reaction	40 min	[73]
	RT-LAMP	RNA	Combined with CRISPR-Cas12	LOD: 1 copy/μL	32 min	[74]
	RT-LAMP	RNA	Particle imaging technique	LOD: 350 particles/ mL	35 min	[76]
	RT-HDA	RNA	Does not require thermal cycling	LOD: 6 copies/μL	2 h	[78]
	RPA	RNA	Integrated microdroplet array detection platform	LOD: 0.42 copy/μL	6–12 min	[80]
	PER	RNA	Combined with CRISPR-Cas12	LOD: 1.3 pM	40 min	[82]
Rapid diagnostic test kit	ELISA	Ab	Using microfluidic technology	–	–	[87]
	ELISA	Ab	Paper-based	LOD: 9 ng/µL ROD: 1 ng/µL-100 ng/µL	30 min	[88]
	ELISA	Ag	Double antibody sandwich method	LOD: 5 pg/µL	30 min	[89]
	LFIA	Ag	Depositing copper on the AuNPs-labeled LIFA test paper	LOD: 10 pg/mL	< 20 min	[91]
	LFIA	Ag(N)	Carboxy Gold Nanoshell-labeled	LOD: 156 pg/mL	< 15 min	[92]
	LFIA	Ag(N)	Colored cellulose nanobeads-labeled, double antibody sandwich method	LOD: 1 ng/mL	15 min	[93]
	LFIA	Ab	Selenium nanoparticles-labeled	LOD: 20 ng/mL	10 min	[94]
	LFIA	Ag(N)	AIE luminophores-labeled	LOD: 7.2 ng/mL	< 20 min	[95]
	LFIA	Ab	Ratiometric fluorescent analysis, Carboxyl-functionalized Europium chelate nanoparticles	LOD: 7.6 IU/mL ROD: 12.5-1000 IU/mL	15 min	[96]
	LFA	RNA	6-carboxyfluorescein-labeled, AuNPs capped with cysteamine as a control signal	LOD: 0.02 copy/μL	< 30 min	[97]
Electrochemical biosensors	Immunoimpedance biosensor	Ag(S)	Substrate: polyethylene terephthalate Modifiers: single-walled carbon nanotubes	LOD: 350 genome equivalents/mL	15 min	[128]
	Immunoimpedance biosensor	Ag(N)	Substrate: SPCE Modifiers: zinc oxide/reducedgraphene oxide	LOD: 21 fg/mL ROD: 1–10⁴ pg/mL	< 15 min	[53]
	Immunoimpedance biosensor	Ag(S)	Substrate: SPGE functionalized processed peptides as a reporter	LOD: 18.2 ng/mL ROD: 0.05–3 µg/mL	15 min	[131]
	Immunoimpedance biosensor	Ab	Modifiers: PPy-NTs/AuNPs	LOD: 0.386 ng/mL ROD: 0.4–8 ng/mL	< 1 h	[47]
	Immunoimpedance biosensor	Ag(S)	Substrate: SPCE Modifiers: SiO2@UiO-66	LOD: 100 fg/mL ROD: 100 fg/mL -10 ng/mL	< 5 min	[55]
	Electrochemical biosensor	Ab	Modifiers: colloidal quantum dots	LOD: 7.73 ng/mL ROD: 50–1250 ng/mL	< 1 min	[54]
	electrochemical biosensor	Ab	Substrate: GCE Modifiers: gold cluster	LOD: 9.3 ag/mL ROD: 0.1 fg-10 pg/mL	< 20 min	[50]
	Electrochemical biosensor	Ag(S)	Substrate: dual-gate oxide semiconductor thin-film transistor	LOD: 1.17 fg/mL ROD: 1 fg/mL -1 ng/mL	1 min	[132]
	Electrochemical biosensor	RNA	Substrate: SPCE Modifiers: gold nanoflowers combined with CRISPR-Cas13a	LOD: 4.4 × 10^–2 fg/mL ROD: 10^–1-10⁵ fg/mL	1.5 h	[133]
	ECL biosensor	RNA	Substrate: SPCE Ru(bpy)32 + -labeled	LOD: 0.1 fM ROD: 0.1 fM-10 µM	< 30 min	[135]
	Molecularly imprinted biosensor	Ag(RBD)	Substrate: SPCE Modifiers: molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles	LOD: 3.9 fg/mL ROD: 1 fg/mL-10 pg/mL	< 15 min	[48]
	BioFET	Ag(N)	based on an electrical double-layer gated BioFET system	LOD: 0.14 ng/mL ROD: 0.4–400 ng/mL	< 30 min	[140]
	BioFET	RNA	using flexible single-stranded DNA linked byrigid tetrahedral double-stranded DNA as a probe	LOD: 0.02 copy/μL	< 4 min	[142]
Optical biosensors	Colorimetric biosensor	RNA	AuNPs as a reporter, does not require sophisticated equipment	LOD: 0.5 ng	< 30 min	[175]
	Colorimetric biosensor	Ag(S)	Substrate: cotton swab orange nanopolymer-labeled	LOD: 100 pfu/mL ROD: 10³–10⁸ pfu/mL	5 min	[144]
	Colorimetric biosensor	M^pro	bivalent peptide as a recognizer and AuNPs as a reporter	LOD: 18.9 nM	10 min	[51]
	Immunofluorescence biosensor	Ag(S)	hairpin structure of hACE2 mimetic peptide beacon as a reporter	LOD: 4.0 × 10³ pfu /test	< 3 h	[146]
	Optical biosensor	Ag(S)	Substrate: imprinted photonic crystal film low cost (approximately USD 1)	LOD: 429 fg/mL ROD: 1 pg/mL-100 ng/mL	< 15 min	[151]
	Optical biosensor	Ag(N)	Combined U-Bent plastic optical fiber with nanogold to immobilize the Ab	–	< 15 min	[152]
	SPR biosensor	Ag(S)	Using laser external differential feedback interferometry	LOD: 0.08 pg/ mL ROD: 10^–2-10³ ng/mL	< 1 min	[153]
	LSPR biosensor	Ag(S)	Substrate: vertical microcavity Modifiers: nano-porous gold	LOD: 319 copies/mL	< 30 min	[52]
	LSPR biosensor	Ag(RBD)	Combined with optical imaging and artificial intelligence methods	LOD: 100 vp/mL ROD: 125.28-10⁶ vp/mL	< 12 min	[155]

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