Table 1 The overall summary of articles of interest in this review
Transduction mechanism | ID | Detection methods | Total | Target analyteb | Biorecognition elementc | Note | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S (S1 + S2) | S1 | S (RBD) | N | S1 + N | Others | Antibody | Aptamer | Engineered antibody | ACE-2 | MIP | Others | |||||
Electrochemical detection (EC) | A | Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV) | 19 | 1 | 8 | 4 | 5 | 1 | – | 13 | 2 | – | 2 | 2 | – | – |
B | Squarewave voltammetry (SWV) | 13 | – | 8 | 1 | 4 | – | – | 8 | 3 | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | |
C | Chronoamperometry (CA) | 8 | – | 5 | 1 | 2 | – | – | 6 | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | |
D | Potentiometry (POT) | 4 | – | 4 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 3 | – | |
E | Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) | 31 | – | 15 | 5 | 11 | – | – | 18 | 5 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 1 | – | |
F | Organic Electrochemical Transistor (OECT) | 2 | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | |
G | Photoelectrochemistry (PEC) | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | – | 2 | 2 | 1 | – | – | – | – | |
Electronic detection (EL) | H | Field-effect Transistor (FET) | 19 | – | 13 | 1 | 2 | 3 | – | 17 | 1 | – | 2 | – | – | – |
I | Others | 6 | – | 6 | – | – | – | – | 3 | – | 1 | 2 | – | – | – | |
Optical detection (OP) | J | Fluorescence | 7 | – | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | – | 4 | 2 | – | – | – | 1 | – |
K | Chemiluminescence | 2 | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
L | Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) spectroscopy | 7 | – | 3 | 2 | 2 | – | – | 4 | 2 | 1 | – | – | – | – | |
M | Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) | 3 | – | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | |
N | Fiber optics | 6 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 1 | – | 1 | 3 | 1 | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | |
O | Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy | 12 | – | 6 | 4 | 1 | 1 | – | 5 | 2 | 2 | 1 | – | 2 | – | |
P | Colorimetric | 3 | – | 2 | 0 | 1 | – | – | 2 | – | – | 1 | – | – |  | |
Q | Others | 2 | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
Mechanical/gravimetric/thermal detection (ME/GR/TH) | R | Microcantilever | 1 | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
S | Magnetic Particle Spectroscopy (MPS) | 1 | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
T | Thermal assay | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | |
Combinational approach (CA) | U | Multiple methods | 6 | – | 2 | 4 | – | – | – | 5 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – |
SUMa | 158 | 4 | 79 | 30 | 35 | 9 | 1 | 98 | 20 | 7 | 17 | 9 | 8 | – | ||