Advances in nanobiosensors during the COVID-19 pandemic and future perspectives for the post-COVID era

Kim, Young Jun; Min, Junhong

doi:10.1186/s40580-023-00410-5

Nano Convergence

Table 3 The performance of the nanobiosensors in the test using clinical samples

From: Advances in nanobiosensors during the COVID-19 pandemic and future perspectives for the post-COVID era

ID	Design					Clinical samples					Performance evaluation								Note
	Design					Clinical samples					head-to-head comparison				Agreement with RT-PCR
	Transduction mechanism	Detection technique	Materials/nanomaterials	Biorecognition element	Target antigen	Source^a	Dilution	Total	Positive	Negative	RT-PCR^b	Proposed sensor	ELISA	RAT	Case	Clinical sensitivity (%)	Clinical specificity (%)	Clinical accuracy (%)
A02	EC	DPV	Carbon Black	Antibody	S1	Saliva	No	24	7	17	24/24	22/24	–	–	24	100.0	88.2	91.7	[83]
A02	EC	DPV	Carbon Black	Antibody	N	Saliva	No	20	6	14	20/20	18/20	–	–	20	83.3	92.9	90.0	[83]
A05	EC	DPV	Laser-scribed Graphene	Aptamer	S(RBD)	Serum	0.1 M PBS w/0.1 M KCl	23	17	6	23/23	23/23	12/23 (IgG)	–	23	100.0	100.0	100.0	[86]
A05	EC	DPV	Laser-scribed Graphene	Aptamer	S(RBD)	Serum	0.1 M PBS w/0.1 M KCl	23	17	6	23/23	23/23	14/23 (IgM)	–	23	100.0	100.0	100.0	[86]
A06	EC	DPV	Graphene Oxide	Antibody	S1	Gargle & Mouthwash	Lysis Buffer	110	30	80	12/12	11/12	–	8/12	110	93.3	92.5	92.7	[87]
A09	EC	DPV	AuNPs	ACE-2	S1	Saliva	PBS (1:1000)	32	16	16	32/32	31/32	–	–	32	100.0	93.8	96.9	[90]
A10	EC	DPV	AuNPs	Antibody	S1	NP (in VTM)	Dilution	17	6	11	17/17	14/17	–	–	17	66.7	90.9	82.4	[91]
A14	EC	DPV	Au Nanorod	Antibody	S(RBD)	NP (in VTM)	N/A	10	5	5	10/10	8/10	–	–	10	100.0	60.0	80.0	[95]
A15	EC	DPV	AuNPs	Antibody	S1	NP (in VTM)	N/A	37	19	18	37/37	36/37	–	–	37	94.7	100.0	97.3	[96]
B06	EC	SWV	AuNPs	ACE-2	S1	NP (in VTM)	N/A	103	53	50	103/103	90/103	–	–	103	88.7	86.0	87.4	[105]
B06	EC	SWV	AuNPs	ACE-2	S1	Saliva	N/A	10	3	7	10/10	10/10	–	–	10	100.0	100.0	100.0	[105]
B11	EC	SWV	Graphene Oxide (GO)	Antibody	N	NP (in Detergent Solution)	N/A	60	30	30	60/60	53/60	–	–	60	90.0	86.7	88.3	[110]
B11	EC	SWV	Graphene Oxide (GO)	Antibody	N (Ο)	NP (in Detergent Solution)	N/A	50	25	25	50/50	47/50	–	–	50	96.0	92.0	94.0	[110]
C03	EC	CA	–	Antibody	S1	Serum (INF A)^c	N/A	79	42	37	79/79	77/79	–	–	79	100.0	94.6	97.5	[115]
C06	EC	CA	–	Antibody	N	NP (in VTM)	VTMT	37	28	9	37/37	28/37	–	–	37	67.9	100.0	75.7	[118]
D02	EC	POT	–	Cell	S1	NP (in TM)	0.9% saline solution (in PBS)	24	14	10	24/24	23/24	–	–	24	92.9	100.0	95.8	[122]
D03	EC	POT	–	Cell	S1	NP (in TM)	PBS	17	7	10	17/17	17/17	–	–	17	100.0	100.0	100.0	[123]
E05	EC	EIS	–	ACE-2	S1	NP/OP (in TM)	PBS	139	109	30	139/139	121/139	–	–	139	83.5	100.0	87.1	[76]
E05	EC	EIS	–	ACE-2	S1	Saliva	PBS	50	13	37	50/50	45/50	–	–	50	100.0	86.5	90.0	[76]
E21	EC	EIS	Magnetic Nanoparticle	Antibody	S1	NP (in vNAT buffer)	PBS (1:100)	50	40	10	50/50	46/50	–	41/50	50	90.0	100.0	92.0	[141]
				Antibody	S2			50	40	10	50/50	45/50			50	87.5	100.0	90.0
				Antibody Cocktail	S1/S2			50	40	10	50/50	50/50			50	100.0	100.0	100.0
H03	EL	FET	SWCNT	Antibody	S1	NP (in VTM)	N/A	38	28	10	38/38	30/38	–	–	38	82.1	70.0	78.9	[43]
H03	EL	FET	SWCNT	Antibody	N	NP (in VTM)	N/A	38	28	10	38/38	22/38	–	–	38	53.6	70.0	57.9	[43]
H10	EL	FET	Graphene	Antibody	S1	NP (in UTM)	N/A	25	14	11	25/25	24/25	–	–	25	92.9	100.0	96.0	[73]
J05	OP	FL	Au@PtNPs	Antibody	N	Blood	PBST	101	21	80	101/101	96/101	90/101	–	101	76.2	100.0	95.0	[184]
J06	OP	FL	–	Aptamer	S1	NP (in VTM)	N/A	50	45	5	50/50	38/50	–	–	50	80.0	25.0	75.5	[185]
L07	OP	SPR	–	Engineered Antibody	S(RBD)	NP (in VTM)	N/A	119	50	69	119/119	108/119	–	–	119	88.0	92.8	90.8	[195]
N05	OP	FO	Polystyrene Microspheres	Antibody	N	Serum/Plasma	No	125	25	100	125/125	118/125	117/125	–	125	72.0	100.0	94.4	[202]
P01	OP	COL	Au Nanoparticles (AuNPs)	ACE-2	S1	NP (in VTM)	N/A	100	50	50	100/100	90/100	–	–	100	96.0	84.0	90.0	[215]
R01	ME	MC	Magnetic Nanoparticle	Antibody	S1/N	NP (in TM)	N/A	11	9	2	11/11	10/11	–	–	11	88.9	100.0	90.9	[220]

^aNP: Nasopharyngeal (Swab); OP: Oropharyngeal (Swab)
^bThe clinical samples are usually verified by RT-PCR
^cC03 utilized clinical samples obtained from Influenza-infected patients as a model SARS-CoV-2 samples

Back to article page