Table 4 The design of specificity and selectivity tests in the nanobiosensor research

A02

EC

DPV

Carbon black

Antibody

S1

–

–

–

–

IFV A

–

2

[83]

IFV H1N1

N

–

–

–

–

–

–

A03

EC

DPV

–

MIP

N

SARS-CoV-2 S

–

–

–

HCV E2

BSA

4

[84]

CD48

A07

EC

DPV

Au nanoparticles (AuNPs)

Antibody

S1

–

MERS-CoV S

–

–

AIV

–

3

[88]

HIV

A08

EC

DPV

Au/graphene

MIP

N

SARS-CoV-2 S

–

–

–

–

BSA

5

[89]

CD48

HER-2

MPT64

Cardiac Troponin (cTnl)

A11

EC

DPV

g-C3N4/Au/WO3

Antibody

N

–

MERS-CoV N

–

–

IFV H1N1

–

2

[92]

A14

EC

DPV

Au nanorod

Antibody

S(RBD)

SARS-CoV-2 S

–

–

–

–

1

[95]

A15

EC

DPV

Au nanoparticles (AuNPs)

Antibody

S1

SARS-CoV-2 S

–

–

–

IFV H1N1

–

2

[96]

A16

EC

DPV

Laser-scribed graphene (LSG)

ACE-2

S1

HCoV-NL63 N

IFV H1N1

7

[171]

IFV B

HPV

HCoV-229E N

RSV

HRV

A17

EC

DPV

Au nanoparticles (AuNPs)

Aptamer

S1

BSA

2

[98]

HSA

A18

EC

DPV

Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT)

Aptamer

S(RBD)

MERS-CoV S

2

[99]

A19

EC

DPV

Ag/reduced graphene oxide

Antibody

S(RBD)

SARS-CoV S

3

[100]

B01

EC

SWV

Carbon nanofiber

Antibody

N

–

–

HCoV HKU1

–

–

–

1

[101]

B02

EC

SWV

Graphene

Antibody

S1

–

–

–

–

–

Beta-lactamase

1

[102]

B03

EC

SWV

Au nanoparticles (AuNPs)

Antibody

N

–

MERS-CoV N

HCoV HKU1

–

IFV A

–

4

[75]

IFV B

B05

EC

SWV

Au cluster

Antibody

S1

–

–

–

–

IFV A

–

2

[104]

IFV B

B06

EC

SWV

Au nanoparticles (AuNPs)

ACE-2

S1

–

–

–

–

INF A (H1N1)

–

4

[105]

IFV B

HSV

MHV

B07

EC

SWV

–

Aptamer

S1

–

SARS-CoV S

–

NGAL

–

3

[106]

MERS-CoV N

B09

EC

SWV

–

MIP

S1

–

SARS-CoV N

–

–

HCV E2

HAS

4

[108]

IgG

B10

EC

SWV

Laser-engraved graphene

Aptamer

S(RBD)

–

–

–

–

IFV A

C-reactive protein

3

[109]

Hemagglutin (HA)

B11

EC

SWV

Au nanoparticles (AuNPs)

Antibody

N

–

–

–

–

INF A

INF B

PSA

5

[110]

AFP

CEA

B12

EC

SWV

Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT)

Antibody

S1

–

–

–

–

INF A

–

2

[111]

INF B

C02

EC

CA

–

Antibody

S1

–

SARS-CoV S

HCoV-NL63

BCoV

RuV

–

6

[114]

MERS-CoV S

EBOV

C03

EC

CA

–

Antibody

S1

–

SARS-CoV S

HCoV-NL63

–

–

–

3

[115]

MERS-CoV S

C04

EC

CA

Magnetic nanobeads

Antibody

N

SARS-CoV-2 S(RBD)

SARS-CoV N

–

–

–

–

3

[116]

N

MERS-CoV N

C05

EC

CA

–

MIP

S1

–

–

–

–

–

BSA

1

[117]

C06

EC

CA

–

Antibody

N

–

SARS-CoV N

HCoV-NL63 N

FCoV 2 N

IFV

–

9

[118]

HCoV-OC43 N

MERS-CoV N

HCoV-229E N

Sindbis

HCoV-HKU1 N

C07

EC

CA

Magnetic nanobeads

ACE-2

S1

–

SARS-CoV S

VSV

4

[119]

MERS-CoV S

C08

EC

CA

–

Antibody

S1

–

–

–

–

Hemagglutin (HA)

1

[120]

D04

EC

POT

–

MIP

S1

–

MERS-CoV S

–

–

INF A (H1N1)

–

3

[124]

INF A (H3N2)

E01

EC

EIS

CuO₂ nanocube

Antibody

S1

–

–

–

–

IFV A

–

2

[125]

IFV B

E02

EC

EIS

–

ACE-2

S1

–

–

–

–

–

IL-6

2

[126]

Streptavidin

E04

EC

EIS

Boron-doped diamond (BDD)

Antibody

S1

–

–

–

–

IFV B

–

1

[128]

E05

EC

EIS

–

ACE-2

S1

HCoV-OC43

INF A (H1N1)

7

[76]

INF A (H3N2)

HCoV-229E

INF B (HSV2)

MHV

HSV-2

E07

EC

EIS

Conducting nanocomposite

Engineered antibody

S(RBD)

–

–

–

–

–

IL-8

3

[130]

IL 1B

TNF-a

E08

EC

EIS

Au nanoparticles (AuNPs)

Aptamer

S1

–

SARS-CoV S

–

–

–

–

2

[131]

MERS-CoV S

E09

EC

EIS

Carbon nanodiamond

Aptamer

N

–

SARS-CoV S

–

–

Hemagglutin (HA)

–

2

[132]

E12

EC

EIS

–

ACE-2

S1

–

–

–

–

INF A (H1N1)

–

2

[134]

CD-147 receptor

INF A (H3N2)

E14

EC

EIS

Modified MWCNT + graphene

Antibody

S1

–

–

–

–

INF A (H1N1)

7

[136]

INF A (H3N2)

INF A (H3N2)

HCoV-OC43

INF B

HCoV-229E

Avian Influenza A (H5N1)

E16

EC

EIS

SiO2@UiO-66 nanocomposite

ACE-2

S1

[137]

E17

EC

EIS

carbon/graphene@PEDOT:PSS

Antibody

N

HCoV-NL63

1

[77]

E18

EC

EIS

Au nanoparticles (AuNPs)

Antibody

N

SARS-CoV-2 S(RBD)

IL 8

5

[138]

IL 1B

TNF-a

IgG

E19

EC

EIS

–

Aptamer

S1

–

–

HCoV-NL63

–

–

–

1

[139]

E20

EC

EIS

Zinc oxide reduced graphene oxide (bbZnO/rGO)

Antibody

IgG

1

[140]

E21

EC

EIS

Au nanoparticles (AuNPs)

Antibody

S1

–

SARS-CoV S

–

–

–

BSA

2

[141]

E22

EC

EIS

Gold nanostar

Antibody

N

–

MERS-CoV N

–

–

INF A

BSA

4

[142]

INF B

E23

EC

EIS

Carbon PEDOT:PSS Graphene

Antibody

N

–

–

–

–

INF A

BSA

4

[143]

INF B

E24

EC

EIS

–

Antibody

N

SARS-CoV-2 S

–

–

–

–

–

1

[144]

E25

EC

EIS

–

Aptamer

S(RBD)

INF A

5

[145]

E26

EC

EIS

Carbon nanodiamond

Antibody

S1

–

–

–

–

Hemagglutin (HA)

–

1

[146]

E27

EC

EIS

–

Synthetic peptide

S1

–

MERS-CoV S

–

–

–

B-1,4-GALT-5

2

[147]

E28

EC

EIS

Boron doped diamond (BDD)

Antibody

N

–

–

–

–

INF A

–

4

[148]

INF B

RSV

EBV

E29

EC

EIS

–

Antibody

S1

–

–

–

–

Hemagglutinin (HA)

1

[120]

E30

EC

EIS

MoS2- PDA nanosheet

Antibody

N

–

–

–

–

–

BSA

7

[149]

Dopamine

Ascorbic acid

Hemoglobin

Transferrin

Human IgG

Rabbit IgG

E31

EC

EIS

–

Aptamer

S(RBD)

–

MERS-CoV S

–

–

Hemagglutinin (HA)

–

2

[150]

F01

EC

OECT

–

Engineered antibody

S(RBD)

–

MERS-CoV S

–

–

–

GFP

2

[151]

S1

F02

EC

OECT

–

Antibody

S(RBD)

–

–

–

–

–

BSA

1

[152]

G04

EC

PEC

Au@TiO₂

Engineered antibody

S1

–

–

–

–

–

Asuric acid

3

[156]

l-lysine

l-glutamic acid

G05

EC

PEC

Dioxide@bismuth tungstate (TiO₂@Bi₂WO₆) nanocomposite

Antibody

N

–

–

–

–

–

CEA

4

[157]

PSA

Insulin

Cardiac Troponin (cTnl)

H02

EL

FET

Graphene

Antibody

S1

–

MERS-CoV S

–

–

–

–

1

[159]

ACE-2

H03

EL

FET

SWCNT

Antibody

S1

SARS-CoV-2 N

–

–

–

–

–

2

[43]

N

SARS-CoV-2 S

H04

EL

FET

MXenes/graphene

Antibody

S1

–

–

–

–

INF A (H1N1)

–

1

[160]

H05

EL

FET

TMCs

Antibody

S1

–

–

–

–

–

BSA

1

[161]

H08

EL

FET

Carbon nanotube (CNT)

Antibody

S1

–

SARS-CoV S

–

–

–

–

2

[164]

MERS-CoV S

H13

EL

FET

–

Antibody

N

SARS-CoV-2 S

SARS-CoV-2 N

–

–

INF A

–

4

[168]

INF B

H16

EL

FET

Reduced graphene oxide

Antibody

S1

–

–

–

–

–

BSA

1

[171]

H17

EL

FET

Graphene

Antibody

S(RBD)

–

SARS-CoV

N

–

–

–

–

2

[172]

N

MERS-CoV

N

H18

EL

FET

Graphene

Aptamer

S1

–

MERS-CoV S

HCoV-229E

–

–

BSA

3

[173]

H19

EL

FET

Graphene

Antibody

S1

–

MERS-CoV S

–

–

–

–

1

[174]

I02

EL

Tri-channel transistor

In₂O₃/ZnO

Antibody

S1

–

MERS-CoV S

–

–

–

–

1

[176]

I03

EL

Capacitive biosensor

Epitaxial graphene

Antibody

S1

–

–

HCoV-NL63

–

–

–

4

[177]

HCoV-OC43

HCoV-229E

HCoV-HKU1

I04

EL

Capacitive biosensor

–

ACE-2

S1

–

–

–

–

INF A (H1N1)

BSA

6

[178]

PIV

Adenovirus

VZV

RyV

I05

EL

Silicon nanowire array-based biosensor

Silicon nanowire (SiNWs)

ACE-2

S1

–

–

–

–

–

BSA

1

[179]

J01

OP

FL

Carbon nanotube (CNT)

Antibody

S(RBD)

–

SARS-CoV S

–

–

INF A

HSA

4

[62]

MERS-CoV S

J03

OP

FL

Carbon NANOTUBE (CNT)

–

S1

SARS-CoV-2 N

–

–

–

–

BSA

3

[182]

N

SARS-CoV-2 S

J04

OP

FL

Magnetic beads

Antibody

N

SARS-CoV-2 S

–

–

–

–

–

1

[183]

J05

OP

FL

Au@PtNPs

Antibody

N

SARS-CoV-2 S

–

–

–

H1N1 Hemagglutinin (HA)

–

6

[184]

H1N1

Neuraminidase (NA)

SARS-CoV-2 S(RBD)

HBsAg

HCcAg

J06

OP

FL

–

Aptamer

S1

–

MERS-CoV S

HCoV-NL63

–

–

–

5

[185]

HCoV-OC43

HCoV-229E

HCoV-HKU1

J07

OP

FL

Au nanoparticles (AuNPs)

Aptamer

N

SARS-CoV-2 S

7

[186]

K01

OP

CL

Co–Fe@Hemin

Antibody

S(RBD)

–

SARS-CoV S

HCoV-OC43

–

–

–

4

[187]

MERS-CoV S

HCoV-HKU1

K02

OP

CL

AuNPs

Antibody

N

–

SARS-CoV S

–

–

–

IgG

4

[188]

SARS-CoV S(RBD)

IgM

L01

OP

SPR

Graphene oxide

Aptamer

N

–

–

–

–

–

BSA

4

[189]

l-Asparagine

Graphene oxide

Aptamer

N

l-Citrulline

Urea

L07

OP

SPR

–

Engineered antibody

S(RBD)

1

[195]

M02

OP

LSPR

Silver nanotriangle array

ACE-2

S(RBD)

–

SARS-CoV S

HCoV-NL63

–

–

–

4

[197]

HCoV-OC43

HCoV-229E

M03

OP

LSPR

Au nanoparticles (AuNPs)

MIP

S1 (α)

–

–

HCoV-OC43

–

–

–

3

[198]

S1 (β)

HCoV-229E

S1 (γ)

HCoV-HKU1

N01

OP

Fiber optics (SPR)

–

MIP

S1

–

MERS-CoV S

–

–

–

–

1

[199]

N02

OP

Fiber optics (SPR)

–

Aptamer

S (S1 + S2)

–

MERS-CoV S

–

–

INF A (H1N1)

BSA

4

[200]

Hemagglutin (HA)

N03

OP

Fiber optics (SPR)

–

Peptide

Protease

–

–

–

–

–

Albumin

4

[63]

Thrombin

Papain

Denatured protease

N04

OP

Fiber optics

Au nanoparticles (AuNPs)

Antibody

S1

–

MERS-CoV S

–

–

–

–

1

[201]

N05

OP

Fiber optics (FL)

Polystyrene microspheres

Antibody

N

–

–

HCoV-NL63

–

–

–

4

[202]

HCoV-OC43

HCoV-229E

HCoV-HKU1

N06

OP

Fiber optics (BLI)

–

Antibody

S1

–

SARS-CoV S

–

–

–

–

3

[203]

S(RBD)

MERS-CoV S

SARS-CoV N

O02

OP

SERS

Au nanoparticles (AuNPs)

Antibody

S1

–

–

–

–

HIV p24

CEA

5

[204]

AFP

EPV GP350

BSA

O05

OP

SERS

Au nanoparticles (AuNPs)

Antibody

S1

SARS-CoV S

2

[207]

MERS-CoV S

O08

OP

SERS

Au nanoparticles (AuNPs)

Antibody

N

–

–

–

–

INF A (H1N1)

–

4

[210]

INF A (H3N2)

INF A (H5N2)

INF B

O10

OP

SERS

Magnetic nanoparticles

Engineered antibody

S1

–

–

HCoV-HKU1

–

–

–

1

[212]

O12

OP

SERS

Core–shell Au nanoparticles (AuNPs)

Antibody

S(RBD)

–

SARS-CoV S

–

–

–

–

2

[214]

MERS-CoV S

P01

OP

Colorimetric

Au nanoparticles (AuNPs)

ACE-2

S1

–

–

–

–

INF A (H1N1)

–

4

[215]

INF B

HSV-2

MHV

P02

OP

Colorimetric

Core–shell Au@Pt nanoparticles

Antibody

S1

SARS-CoV-2 N

–

–

–

–

GOX

6

[216]

Collagen

BSA

Amylase

Lysozyme

P03

OP

Colorimetric

Core–shell Au@Pt nanoparticles

Antibody

N

–

SARS-CoV N

HCoV-NL63

–

INF A (H1N1)

Bacterium

(Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa)

16

[217]

INF A (H3N2)

HCoV-OC43

INF B (Victoria)

INF B (Yamagata)

MERS-CoV N

HCoV-229E

MeV

MuV

HCoV-HKU1

RuV

VZV

Q02

OP

Phononic sensors

Graphene

Antibody

S(RBD)

–

MERS-CoV S

–

–

–

–

1

[219]

R01

ME

Micro-cantilever

–

Antibody

S(RBD)

–

MERS-CoV S

–

–

INF A

–

2

[220]

N

T01

TH

Thermal assay

–

MIP

S(RBD)

–

–

–

–

–

HSA

3

[222]

ORF8

IL-6

U04

CO

SERS (+ LFA)

Au nanoparticles (AuNPs)

Antibody

S(RBD)

MERS-CoV S

INF A

Bacterium (Pneumoniae)

3

[226]

U06

CO

SERS (+ LFA)

Au nanoparticles (AuNPs)

ACE-2

S(RBD)

–

SARS-CoV S

–

–

–

BSA

4

[228]

MERS-CoV S

HSA