Technology | Size (μm) | Advantages | Limitations | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Photolithography | 5–130 | Convenient, cost-effective | Unchangeable | |
Laser degradation | 10 | Programmable, user-defined | Low-throughput, time-consuming | |
Direct printing | 100 | User-defined | Cell damage | |
Sacrificial bioprinting | 150–500 | User-defined, High speed | Low resolution | |
Microfluidic systems | 5–200 | To reproduce vascular related physiological or pathological processes | Lack of control over vascular geometry, low repeatability |