Fig. 4

Self-healing and electrical behaviors of multifunctional hydrogels. A Schematic illustration depicting the self-healing mechanisms based on the dynamic and reversible crosslinking networks within the hydrogels. B Photographs demonstrating the hydrogel’s self-healing property and electrical conductance during a cutting-healing test. C Current change of the hydrogel when connected in an electrical circuit during repeating cutting-healing cycles. D Electrical conductivity of the hydrogel after undergoing repeating cutting-healing cycles. E Photographs illustrating the luminance variations of LED bulbs at different hydrogel elongations (0%, 100%, and 200%). F Relative resistance changes of the hydrogel as a function of applied tensile strain. G Relative resistance changes of the hydrogels during the application of repeating different strains (ranging from 50 to 500%). H Signal stability of the hydrogel during repeated application of 50% strain for 150 cycles. I Response time and recovery time of the hydrogel during loading and unloading of tensile strain