Fig. 8

Carbon-based nanomaterials. a Carbon nanomaterials include zero-dimensional fullerenes, one-dimensional carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and two-dimensional graphene. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [129]. b Scanning electron microscopy image of embryonic hippocampal neurons growing on dispersed multiwall CNTs. Reproduced with permission from [137]. Copyright (2000), Springer. c Adipose-derived stem cells grown on graphene patterns show enhanced differentiation into neuronal cell fate. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [146]. Copyright (2015) American Chemical Society. d Graphene-coating on polymeric nanofibers promoted the selective differentiation of neural stem cells into oligodendrocytes. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [147]. Copyright 2014, WILEY–VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. e Diagram (left) of graphene-based carbon-layered electrode array device construction showing the layered structures. Demonstration of the flexibility of the device (center) by wrapping around a glass bar with a radius of 2.9 mm. Bright-field image (right, top) and fluorescence image (right, bottom) of the device implanted on the cerebral cortex of a mouse beneath a cranial window. Green labelling indicates the vasculature. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [152]. Copyright (2014), Nature Publishing Group