Fig. 7
From: Nanotechnology-enabled immunoengineering approaches to advance therapeutic applications
Reproduced with permission from ref [135]
Bacterial vaccine and antigen-presenting pathways. a Various nanoparticles that are used to deliver antigens or antigen fragments for bacterial vaccines. Following the delivery of these antigen-bound/encapsulated platforms, the cell uptakes the vaccine via endosomal pathways. From here, the antigen can undergo processing in either the endosome, via the MHC-II pathway, or be processed by proteases in the cytoplasm before the presentation by the MHC-I complex. Antigen presentation via MHC-II results in humoral immunity where Th2 cells activate B cells to produce antibodies against the bacteria. Conversely, MHC-I presentation results in the differentiation of T cells into CTLs that can initiate cell death by cellular immunity. b Pathways for MHC-I and MHC-II antigen processing. In MHC-I presentation, the antigen can escape the endosome and is processed by proteases. The processed antigen is transported to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where MHC biosynthesis occurs, complexes with the MHC-I ligand, and is transported to the cell membrane for presentation to T cells. During MHC-II pathways, the antigen is digested in the endosome and fuses with MHC-II intracellularly to form the peptide MHC-II complex prior to being shuttled to the cell surface for presentation. c TEM characterization of negatively stained self-assembly polymer to demonstrate monodispersity and size range of mannose-decorated multicomponent supramolecular polymers targeted towards APCs. d Circular dichroism spectra of dendritic glycopeptide peptide. e Chemical structure of amphiphilic glycopeptide used as a monomer for self-assembly. f Cellular uptake of self-assembled polymers with and without mannosylated monomers (f1 and f2) and mannosylated monomers without a fluorescent label (f3).