Nanotechnology-enabled immunoengineering approaches to advance therapeutic applications

Nano Convergence

Table 2 Nanoparticle vaccines targeted towards viral antigens

Nanoparticle	Size (diameter)	Antigen	Viral target	References
Gold	20–40 nm	West Nile Virus envelope protein	West Nile Virus	[147]
Gold	12 nm	M2e	Influenza A	[148]
Iron oxide	25 nm	HIV-1 Envelope glycoprotein SOSIP trimers	HIV-1	[149]
Mesoporous silica	120 nm	E2	Bovine viral diahorrea virus	[150]
Chitosan	571.7 nm	Killed swine influenza A virus H1N2	Swine influenza virus (H1N2)	[151]
PLGA	200–300 nm	Inactivated virus H1N2	Swine influenza virus (H1N2)	[152]
PLA/PLGA	474–940 nm	Hepatitis B surface antigen	Hepatitis B virus	[153]
PLGA/lecithin	300 nm, 1 μm, and 3 μm	HPV-L1 Pentamer	Human papillomavirus	[154]
PLGA	972.5 nm	Influenza split vaccine antigen	Influenza H5N1	[155]
MD39-6xHis:Ni–NTA (1:40)	150 nm	BG505 MD39 trimer	HIV	[156]
DOPC:DOPG (4:1) and DMPC:DOPC:DOPG (2:2:1)	64.5 nm, 150 nm, and 203 nm	membrane-proximal external region (MPER) from envelope subunit gp41	HIV	[157]
Virus-like particles	10 nm	HPV16 L1 capsomeres	HPV	[158]
Protein nanoparticle (ferritin)	20–50 nm	HIV-1 envelope and H1 influenza hemagglutinin	HIV and Influenza (H1N1)	[159]